The four seasons
A year has four seasons: la primavera (spring), el verano (summer), el otoño (autumn) and el invierno (winter).
Asking about the weather
The question is short: qué tiempo hace? By the way, el tiempo can mean two things: "time" and "weather". Here it means weather.
Weather with hacer
Most weather statements use hacer: hace frío (it's cold), hace calor (it's hot), hace sol (it's sunny), hace viento (it's windy), hace buen tiempo (the weather is nice), hace mal tiempo (the weather is bad). These are simply fixed expressions – best to just learn them as they are.
Rain and snow
Rain and snow have their own verbs: llover and nevar. In everyday use you'll mostly need just one form of each: llueve (it's raining) and nieva (it's snowing).
Cloudy skies
When the sky is full of clouds, you say está nublado (it's cloudy).
Important: hace calor vs. caliente
For the weather you use hace calor/hace frío. But when talking about a specific thing, you use caliente (hot/warm) or frío (cold) directly with estar: El café está caliente. El agua está fría.
More weather and nature words
Along with these come la lluvia (rain), la nieve (snow), el sol (the sun), el viento (the wind), la nube (the cloud), el cielo (the sky) and la tormenta (the storm): Necesito el paraguas porque llueve. (I need the umbrella because it's raining.)
In the sky you also see la luna (the moon) and la estrella (the star): Por la noche se ven la luna y las estrellas. And when the sun goes down, that's la puesta de sol: Me gusta ver la puesta de sol. When it's very sunny, la sombrilla (the parasol) helps.
Examples
- Hace frío.
- Hace calor.
- Llueve.
- El café está caliente.